|
Shiva (; Sanskrit: , meaning "The Auspicious One"; Tamil: , meaning "The Red One"), also known as ''Mahadeva'' ("Great God"), is one of the Trinity deities of Hinduism. He is the god from which the two of three trinity deities was differentiated from. He is "Anand" (is neither found born nor found dead ). He is the supreme god within Shaivism, one of the three most influential denominations in contemporary Hinduism.〔〔Tattwananda, p. 45.〕 He is one of the five primary forms of God in the Smarta Tradition,〔Flood (1996), p. 17.〕 and "the Destroyer" or "the Transformer".〔Zimmer (1972) p. 124.〕 At the highest level, Shiva is regarded as limitless, transcendent, unchanging and formless.〔See Parmeshvaranand, Volume 3.〕〔See Kramrisch, The presence of Siva, page 186.〕〔See Abhayananda, page 95.〕〔See Davis, pp 113-114.〕〔Chatterji, Kashmir Shaivism.〕 Shiva also has many benevolent and fearsome forms.〔Sharma, Iconography of Sadasiva〕 In benevolent aspects, he is depicted as an omniscient Yogi who lives an ascetic life on Mount Kailash,〔 as well as a householder with wife Parvati and his two children, Ganesha and Kartikeya, and in fierce aspects, he is often depicted slaying demons. Shiva is also regarded as the patron god of yoga and arts.〔See Shiva Samhita, e.g. translation by Mallinson.〕〔See Varenne, page 82.〕〔See Marchand for Jnana Yoga.〕 The main iconographical attributes of Shiva are the third eye on his forehead, the snake Vasuki around his neck, the adorning crescent moon, the holy river Ganga flowing from his matted hair, the trishula as his weapon and the damaru as his musical instrument. Shiva is usually worshiped in the aniconic form of Lingam.〔Davis writes on page 122: "The Saiva worshipper does not worship the object itself as Siva or as representing Siva; he directs his worship toward it as the physical support for Siva's special presence."〕〔Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices, by Jeanne Fowler, pgs. 42–43, In traditional Indian society, the linga is rather seen as a symbol of the energy and potentiality of the god.〕〔See Fuller, The Camphor Flame, pp 58.〕 The worship of Shiva is a pan-Hindu tradition, practiced widely across all of India, Nepal and Sri Lanka.〔Keay, p.xxvii.〕 == Etymology and other names == (詳細はDevanagari: , ') comes from the ''Shri Rudram Chamakam'' of the ''Taittiriya Shakha'' (TS 4.5, 4.7) of the Krishna Yajurveda. The root word 〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://sanskritdictionary.com/?q=%C5%9Bi&lang=&iencoding=&action=Search )〕 means ''auspicious''. In simple English transliteration it is written either as ''Shiva'' or ''Siva''. The adjective ', is used as an attributive epithet for several Rigvedic deities, including Rudra.〔For use of the term ' as an epithet for other Vedic deities, see: Chakravarti, p. 28.〕 Other popular names associated with Shiva are Mahadeva, Mahesha, Maheshvara, Shankara, Shambhu, Rudra, Hara, Trilochan, Devendra (meaning Chief of the gods) and Trilokinatha (meaning ''Lord of the three realms'').〔See translation by Manmatha Nath Dutt, Chapter 17 of Volume 13.〕〔See translation by Kisari Mohan Ganguli, Chapter 17 of Volume 13.〕〔See Chidbhavananda, "Siva Sahasranama Stotram".〕 The Sanskrit word ' means "relating to the god Shiva", and this term is the Sanskrit name both for one of the principal sects of Hinduism and for a member of that sect.〔Apte, p. 927〕 It is used as an adjective to characterize certain beliefs and practices, such as Shaivism.〔For the definition "Śaivism refers to the traditions which follow the teachings of (') and which focus on the deity ... " see: Flood (1996), p. 149.〕 Some authors associate the name with the Tamil word ' meaning "red", noting that Shiva is linked to the Sun (', "the Red one", in Tamil) and that Rudra is also called ''Babhru'' (brown, or red) in the Rigveda. Adi Shankara, in his interpretation of the name ''Shiva'', the 27th and 600th name of Vishnu sahasranama, the thousand names of Vishnu interprets ''Shiva'' to have multiple meanings: "The Pure One", or "the One who is not affected by three Guṇas of Prakṛti (Sattva, Rajas, and Tamas)" or "the One who purifies everyone by the very utterance of His name."〔Sri Vishnu Sahasranama, Ramakrishna Math edition, pg.47 and pg. 122.〕 Chinmayananda Saraswati, in his translation of the ''Vishnu sahasranama'', further elaborates on that verse: ''Shiva'' means "the One who is eternally pure" or "the One who can never have any contamination of the imperfection of Rajas and Tamas".〔Swami Chinmayananda's translation of Vishnu sahasranama, pg. 24, Central Chinmaya Mission Trust.〕 Shiva's role as the primary deity of Shaivism is reflected in his epithets ' ("Great god"; ' "Great" and ''deva'' "god"),〔Kramrisch, p. 476.〕〔For appearance of the name in the ''Shiva Sahasranama'' see: 〕 ' ("Great Lord"; ' "great" and ' "lord"),〔Kramrisch, p. 477.〕〔For appearance of the name in the Shiva Sahasranama see:〕 and ' ("Supreme Lord").〔For as "Supreme Lord" see: Kramrisch, p. 479.〕 There are at least eight different versions of the ''Shiva Sahasranama'', devotional hymns (stotras) listing many names of Shiva. The version appearing in Book 13 () of the ''Mahabharata'' is considered the kernel of this tradition.〔This is the source for the version presented in Chidbhavananda, who refers to it being from the Mahabharata but does not explicitly clairify which of the two Mahabharata versions he is using. See Chidbhavananda, p.5.〕 Shiva also has Dasha-Sahasranamas (10,000 names) that are found in the Mahanyasa. The ''Shri Rudram Chamakam'', also known as the ''Śatarudriya'', is a devotional hymn to Shiva hailing him by many names.〔For an overview of the ''Śatarudriya'' see: Kramrisch, pp. 71-74.〕〔For complete Sanskrit text, translations, and commentary see: Sivaramamurti (1976).〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Shiva」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|